CPFL Energia S.A. is a holding company in the Brazilian electric power sector, with common shares traded on B3 under the ticker CPFE3. Established in 1998 as a joint venture among VBC Energia S.A., 521 Participações S.A. and Bonaire Participações S.A., it was initially structured to consolidate interests in power generation and distribution companies, with a focus on CPFL Paulista. Over the 2000s, the company carried out a series of corporate reorganizations and acquisitions, incorporating relevant distribution and generation assets such as CPFL Piratininga, RGE, several regional distributors and interests in hydroelectric plants. In 2004, it conducted an initial public offering of shares, listing on B3 and simultaneously issuing ADSs on the NYSE, a program that was terminated in 2020. This growth trajectory established CPFL Energia as one of the largest private electric power groups in the country, operating in an integrated manner across different links of the value chain.

In 2017, State Grid Brazil Power Participações S.A., the arm of State Grid International Development Limited in Brazil, became the controlling shareholder of CPFL Energia by acquiring the stake of former major shareholders, thereby obtaining a majority of the voting capital. After a tender offer on B3 that year, State Grid increased its stake to above 90% of the capital. Later, in 2019, CPFL Energia adjusted its capital structure to meet the free-float requirements of B3’s Novo Mercado segment, reducing shareholder concentration. The Chinese parent also took part in internal reorganizations, such as the merger of CPFL Renováveis into CPFL Energia itself and acquisitions of transmission and distribution assets, strengthening the group’s integrated presence in the Brazilian electric sector under a holding structure listed on the stock exchange.

CPFL Energia’s business model is based on a holding structure that controls operating subsidiaries in distribution, generation, transmission, trading and services related to electric power. In 2024, the distribution segment was the main generator of net revenue, accounting for approximately 80% of consolidated revenue, while generation, transmission, trading and services complemented the portfolio with smaller but relevant shares. The company operates under regulated public service concessions, with largely predictable revenues derived from tariffs set and supervised by the Brazilian Electricity Regulatory Agency (ANEEL), in addition to long-term contracts in generation. The absence of individual customers accounting for more than 10% of net revenue shows the fragmentation of the consumer base, a typical feature of large power distribution groups.

In distribution, CPFL Energia operates through four fully consolidated distributors, which in 2024 delivered 72,897 GWh to about 10.7 million consumers, with operations concentrated mainly in the states of São Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul. These concessionaires serve various demand profiles, including residential, commercial, industrial and rural customers, in both urban and inland areas. The distributors do not produce the energy they deliver; instead, they purchase it through contracts with generators and traders, both from group companies and third parties, within the regulatory framework of the regulated and free markets. Grid management, supply quality and operating efficiency are key to the performance of the segment, which accounts for the majority share of consolidated net income, with 59.7% of 2024 earnings attributable to distribution.

In the generation segment, CPFL Energia has a diversified portfolio of sources, with an emphasis on renewables. As of December 31, 2024, consolidated installed operating capacity totaled 4,226 MW, spread across large hydroelectric plants (UHEs), Small Hydroelectric Plants (PCHs), Hydroelectric Generating Plants (CGHs), wind farms, biomass-fired thermal plants, conventional thermal plants and a solar photovoltaic plant. Through CPFL Renováveis, wholly owned by the group, dozens of PCHs and CGHs are operated in states such as São Paulo, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul, Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso, Goiás and Paraná, as well as 49 wind farms in Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte and Rio Grande do Sul, in addition to biomass units and the Tanquinho solar plant. The company also holds stakes in large hydro plants such as Serra da Mesa, Barra Grande, Foz do Chapecó, Campos Novos, Monte Claro, Castro Alves, 14 de Julho and Luiz Eduardo Magalhães (Lajeado), many of them under consortia and jointly controlled entities. Most hydroelectric plants are part of the Energy Reallocation Mechanism (MRE), which implies the sharing of hydrological risks under rules defined by the National Electric System Operator (ONS) and ANEEL.

Transmission activities were consolidated mainly through auctions of new greenfield projects held in 2018 and the privatization of CEEE-T, in Rio Grande do Sul, in 2021, which was renamed CPFL Transmissão. As of December 31, 2024, CPFL Energia’s transmission segment comprised 87 substations, 16,093 MVA of installed capacity and 6,455 km of transmission lines at voltages of 69 kV, 138 kV and 230 kV, integrated into the National Interconnected System. The transmission concession agreements provide for Annual Permitted Revenue (RAP) regulated by ANEEL, with long terms and adjustment mechanisms, giving the segment a stable revenue profile. The acquisition of the former CEEE-T added thousands of kilometers of lines, dozens of substations and a large amount of installed capacity to the portfolio, creating synergies with the group’s distribution and generation operations in Rio Grande do Sul.

In power trading, CPFL Energia operates mainly through CPFL Brasil, its largest trading subsidiary. This business arm buys and sells electricity to free and special consumers, other traders, generators and distributors, also offering contract management services and representation before the Electric Energy Trading Chamber (CCEE). In 2024, the total volume sold by the trading subsidiaries reached 22,322 GWh, most of it to unrelated parties. In addition, the group maintains a services segment that consolidates project, construction and technical service activities related to electric power, provided both to group companies and third parties, as well as corporate support structures classified as “Others,” tied to the holding listed on B3.

CPFL Energia operates in a highly regulated environment, under the oversight of several entities in the power sector. The Ministry of Mines and Energy (MME) defines energy policy and guidelines for concessions, while the National Council for Energy Policy (CNPE) advises the federal government on the formulation of national energy policy. ANEEL regulates and supervises generation, transmission and distribution activities, approves tariffs, conducts concession auctions and sets sector rules, including criteria for calculating transmission and distribution tariffs. The National Electric System Operator coordinates the operation of generation and transmission in the National Interconnected System, directly affecting plant dispatch, the functioning of the MRE and the allocation of hydrological risks. Regulatory changes, such as the GSF renegotiation and the extension of hydropower plant concession terms, affect the remuneration of generation assets and the duration of concessions, constituting a structural element of the economic and financial dynamics of the company traded under the CPFE3 ticker.

Beyond operating aspects, CPFL Energia directs a relevant share of its investments to grid modernization and asset digitalization, with initiatives such as the deployment of automatic reclosers, expansion of proprietary communications infrastructure (digital radio communication, radio-frequency networks and fiber optics) and smart grid projects. The investment plan for 2025–2026 foresees capital allocation concentrated in distribution, followed by transmission and generation, reflecting the importance of the grid segment in the group’s strategy. The expansion of renewable generation projects, including a pipeline of wind, solar and PCH projects under development, reinforces the group’s presence in lower-emission energy sources, a topic often associated with environmental and corporate sustainability practices. Governance is influenced by the presence of a foreign controller from the power sector and by the Novo Mercado listing, which imposes transparency standards and a capital structure based on common shares with equivalent rights.

In summary, CPFL Energia is positioned as an integrated power group, with simultaneous and relevant operations in distribution, renewable and conventional generation, transmission, trading and related services, all under a holding company with shares traded on B3. The predominance of distribution in the formation of revenue and profit, combined with diversification into other stages of the power chain and a highly regulated environment, shapes the economic and risk profile associated with CPFE3 shares, which are part of the utilities segment of the Brazilian capital market.